« Les phtalates interfèrent sur le comportement des petits garçons » (article paru dans le journal Le Monde)
Le Monde relève que « l’effet délétère des perturbateurs endocriniens sur le développement du système nerveux est connu. […] Mais une étude de chercheurs de l’Inserm […] va plus loin. Elle a analysé les conséquences pour les enfants de femmes exposées, lors de leur grossesse, à ces substances chimiques, omniprésentes dans une multitude de produits de consommation courante ».
Le journal indique que « publiés dans Environmental Health Perspectives, ces travaux ont mis en avant que l’exposition des femmes enceintes à certains phénols et phtalates est associée à des troubles du comportement des garçons de 3 à 5 ans. Parmi ceux-ci, trois substances chimiques sont préoccupantes : le bisphénol A, le triclosan et le phtalate de dibutyle (DBP) ».
Le Monde rappelle que « le bisphénol A, qui a été interdit dans tous les contenants alimentaires en 2015 – une date ultérieure à la réalisation de cette étude –, est toujours utilisé dans une multitude d’objets courants (CD, casques à vélo, etc.). Le triclosan […] est un agent antibactérien que l’on trouve dans les savons, les dentifrices ou les gels douches. Son usage a été interdit dans les vêtements et restreint dans certains cosmétiques comme les mousses à raser. Enfin, le DBP est utilisé comme plastifiant dans des plastiques de type PVC, certaines colles, des vernis à ongles ou des laques pour cheveux ».
Le journal explique que « l’étude a porté sur 529 petits garçons de la cohorte mère enfant Eden, mise en place par l’Inserm. Les mères de ces garçons ont été recrutées lorsqu’elles étaient enceintes, entre 2003 et 2006, dans les CHU de Nancy et de Poitiers. Des échantillons d’urines ont été prélevés au milieu du 2e trimestre de la grossesse. Puis les mères ont été invitées à remplir un questionnaire aux 3e et 5e anniversaires de leurs enfants ».
« Ce «questionnaire des forces et difficultés» permet d’établir un score dans plusieurs dimensions du comportement de l’enfant : les symptômes émotionnels, les problèmes de relation avec les pairs, les problèmes de conduite, d’hyperactivité, d’inattention », précise le quotidien.
L’Inserm remarque qu’« entre 70% et 100% de ces femmes étaient exposées à des niveaux détectables de différentes substances » ; Rémy Slama, « dont l’équipe d’épidémiologie environnementale de l’Institut pour l’avancée des biosciences (Inserm/CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes) a piloté l’étude, réalisée par Claire Philippat, avec les Centres américains pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies », précisant : « Le triclosan avait été détecté chez 80% des femmes, le bisphénol A chez 100% ».
Le Monde souligne qu’« en comparant les questionnaires et l’exposition des mères à ces produits chimiques lors de leur grossesse, les résultats sont clairs : l’étude montre, pour la première fois, une association entre l’exposition au triclosan et une augmentation de la fréquence des troubles émotionnels et relationnels chez les garçons ».
L’Inserm indique ainsi qu’« au niveau moléculaire, le triclosan est capable d’interagir avec l’axe thyroïdien qui, pendant la grossesse, est impliqué dans le développement du cerveau du fœtus ».
Le quotidien ajoute que « le DBP est corrélé à davantage de troubles émotionnels et relationnels, dont des comportements de repli, à 3 ans, mais pas à 5 ans pour les troubles émotionnels. De même, l’exposition des femmes enceintes au bisphénol A est associée à une hausse des troubles relationnels à 3 ans et à plus d’hyperactivité à 5 ans ».
Le Monde observe en outre que « l’ensemble de ces substances chimiques ont été trouvées dans les urines à des niveaux faibles qui ne dépassaient pas les seuils réglementaires. Or «des produits chimiques, même à très faible dose, peuvent perturber le fonctionnement hormonal, sensible à des variations extrêmement faibles», note Rémy Slama, qui constate que la logique de la réglementation du triclosan par des concentrations limites ne permet probablement pas de protéger complètement la santé ».
Le journal précise qu’« une des limites pointée par Rémy Slama est que les femmes enceintes n’ont réalisé qu’un recueil urinaire, susceptible d’entraîner une sous-estimation de l’effet des polluants sur la santé, comme l’ont démontré les chercheurs ».
« Les scientifiques n’ont également pas pu étudier les effets des perturbateurs endocriniens lors de la grossesse sur les troubles du spectre autistique, ce qui aurait impliqué de suivre des dizaines de milliers d’enfants, note l’Inserm. Dans tous les cas, cette étude viendra étayer les réflexions en cours sur la réglementation des perturbateurs endocriniens. Une décision de la Commission européenne est attendue de manière imminente », conclut le journal.
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