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Published in: La Recherche

Les big data au cœur du nouveau pôle d’expertise de l’Institut Pasteur (Stephany Mocquery, Le Quotidien du Médecin)

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Grâce au séquençage à haut débit, il est désormais possible de disposer de quantités phénoménales de données sur le vivant. Mais pour analyser et exploiter ces données, la biologie doit faire appel à la modélisation mathématique, aux statistiques et à l’informatique. D’où l’idée de l’institut Pasteur de créer, en son sein, une structure à double compétence, séquençage et bioinformatique, qui réunit des équipes de recherche multidisciplinaires (biologie, informatique, mathématiques, statistiques, physique, sciences sociales) autour de technologies de pointe.Générer des milliers de donnéesUnique en France, Omics est composé de deux structures : le pôle Biomics et le Centre de bioinformatique, biostatistique et biologie intégrative (C3BI).Disposant de 5 séquenceurs de haute technologie, le pôle Biomics a pour vocation de fournir un service d’expertise en séquençage. Cinq types d’activités y sont proposés : la génomique (séquençage d’ADN de micro-organismes), la transcriptomique (analyse des ARN), l’épigénomique (analyse des modifications épigénétiques de l’ADN), le génotypage (analyse des polymorphismes génétiques chez l’Homme et la souris) et la métagénomique (caractérisation des communautés de microorganismes).

« Cela permet de générer des milliers de données qu’il faut ensuite stocker, classifier et dont on doit tirer des informations biologiques », souligne le Pr Olivier Schwartz, directeur scientifique de l’Institut Pasteur. Ce que propose le C3BI, avec, comme axes de travail principaux, l’étude de la propagation des épidémies, de l’évolution des microorganismes et de leurs résistances aux traitements, les adaptations et les interactions hôte-pathogène.

Approche intégrée

« Il existe bien évidemment d’autres structures d’analyse du génome en France, que ce soit dans le public ou dans le privé », souligne le Pr Schwartz. « Mais notre originalité réside dans une approche multidimensionnelle, ou intégrée, puisque nous disposons, au sein de l’Institut Pasteur, de tous les équipements d’analyse biologique et de toutes les expertises, en microbiologie, biologie du développement, cancérologie, chimie, etc. », ajoute-t-il.

Parmi les travaux auxquels l’Institut Pasteur compte s’atteler grâce à Omics figurent notamment l’utilisation du séquençage à très haut débit pour le diagnostic ou les études épidémiologiques, le développement d’algorithme d’analyse de génomes et de métagénomes, la modélisation de systèmes biologiques complexes ou encore l’étude des réponses vaccinales ou de maladies génétiques.

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