La piste probiotique avance dans l’autisme (Dr Irène Drogou, Le Quotidien du Médecin)
Les probiotiques pourraient être l’un des traitements de demain dans l’autisme, comme le suggère une étude chez la souris publiée dans « Cell ». L’équipe du Baylor College of Medicine y fait la démonstration que l’absence de certaines bactéries dans le microbiome est associée à des troubles apparentés à ceux du trouble spectre autistique (TSA) chez l’homme.
La supplémentation orale d’une seule bactérie sous-représentée a suffi chez la souris à améliorer certains troubles du comportement. Les probiotiques pourraient être une piste prometteuse, ce d’autant que les chercheurs font un lien entre l’hypothèse du microbiote et celle de l’ocytocine actuellement répandue.
Quand l’hypothèse du microbiote rejoint celle de l’ocytocine
Pour Mauro Costa-Mattioli, principal auteur : « Nous tenons peut-être une nouvelle approche. Est-ce que c’est efficace chez l’homme, on ne le sait pas encore, mais c’est un moyen extrêmement intéressant de modifier le cerveau à partir des intestins. » Sur le plan épidémiologique, une association est apparue entre l’obésité maternelle et un risque accru de TSA. De plus, les sujets autistes présentent plus fréquemment des problèmes digestifs.
Pour valider leur hypothèse, les chercheurs ont commencé par montrer qu’il y avait plus de troubles de type autistique parmi la progéniture de souris suralimentées et obèses que parmi celle de souris normales. La composition du microbiote était clairement modifiée en cas de mauvaise alimentation maternelle.
Des probiotiques clés
Alors que les souris ingèrent des excréments en se nourrissant, la cohabitation dans la même cage des souriceaux de souris obèses avec des souriceaux normaux a permis une transplantation fécale réussie, restaurant un microbiote normal et prévenant les déficits de sociabilité.
Le clou de l’étude, c’est l’identification d’une bactérie capable à elle seule de diminuer certains troubles de sociabilité : la souche Lactobacillus reuteri. Mais ce n’est pas le seul effet surprenant. Diminuée d’un facteur 9 dans le microbiote des souriceaux autistes, elle s’est révélée capable de restaurer le taux d’ocytocine effondrée, cette hormone de l’attachement qui est associée au développement de la maladie. Alors les probiotiques bientôt testés en clinique dans l’autisme ? Mauro Costa-Mattioli répond : « C’est là où la science est en train de nous conduire de façon inattendue. Cette approche pourrait se développer très vite non seulement pour les TSA mais aussi pour d’autres troubles envahissants du développement ; c’est mon intime conviction (ce que j’ai dans les tripes) en tout cas. »
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